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1870-1871 circa. {{RARE}} ***FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR*** \"BELGIAN HOWITZER DEFENDING ANTWERP.\" HAND-TINTED-COLOR STEREOSCOPE CARD ... AN ORIGINAL CARD THAT CAPTURES A HISTORIC MOMENT FROM THE CONFLICT ... THIS VINTAGE PIECE OFFERS A UNIQUE PEAK INTO THE WAR, A SOUGHT-AFTER COLLECTIBLE FOR HISTORY ENTHUSIASTS AND COLLECTORS!
(Approximate dimensions: 3 3/8\" x WarPart of theUnification of Germany(clockwise from top right)
- Battle of Mars-la-Tour, 16 August 1870
- TheLauenburg 9th Jäger Battalion at Gravelotte
- Damaged building inParis, 1871
- The Defense of Champigny
- TheSiege of Parisin 1870
- The Proclamation of the German Empire
Date19 July 1870– 28 January 1871
(6months, 1week and 2days)LocationFranceand theRhine Province,PrussiaResultGerman victoryTerritorial
changesGerman annexation ofAlsace–LorraineBelligerentsBefore 4 September 1870:
Second French EmpireAfter 4 September 1870:
French Third Republic[a]
Redshirts
- Before18 January 1871:
- North German Confederation
- Prussia
- Saxony
- Hesse[b]
- and 19 smaller states
- Bavaria
- Württemberg
- Baden
- After 18 January 1871:
- German Empire
Commanders and leaders
- Napoleon III(POW)
- François Bazaine
- Patrice MacMahon(WIA)
- Abel Douay†
- Charles Frossard
- François Canrobert
- Auguste Ducrot(POW)
- Emmanuel Wimpffen
- Jean Margueritte(DOW)
- Louis Trochu
- Léon Gambetta
- Joseph Vinoy
- Justin Clinchant[1]
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Wilhelm I
- Otto von Bismarck
- Helmuth Moltke
- Crown Prince Frederick
- Friedrich Karl
- Karl Steinmetz
- Albrecht Roon
- Edwin Manteuffel[2]
- Ludwig II
- Jakob Hartmann
- Hugo Kirchbach
- Eduard Pestel[3]
Strength
Total deployment:
Initial strength:
- 492,585 active, including 300,000 reservists[5][4]
- 417,366Garde Mobile[5]
Peak field army strength:
Total deployment:
Initial strength:
- 730,274 regulars and reservists[4]
- 208,150Landwehr[4]
Peak field army strength:
Casualties and losses
756,285[6][7]
- 138,871 dead[8][9][d][7]
- 143,000 wounded
- 474,414 captured or interned[10][7][11][e]
144,642[9]
- 44,781 dead[9][f]
- 89,732 wounded
- 10,129 missing or captured
450,000 total French civilians dead[12][13][g]
~250,000 civilians dead, including 162,000 Germans in a smallpox epidemic spread by French POWs[9]
- aUntil 4 September 1870.
- bFrom 4 September 1870.
- cFrom18 January 1871.
Franco-Prussian War
Franco-German Wars and Conflicts
TheFranco-Prussian War, occasionally known as theFranco-German War,[h]and sometimes referred to in France as theWar of 1870,[i]was a conflict betweenFranceand theNorth German Confederationled byPrussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 January 1871, the conflict was caused primarily by France\'s determination to reassert its dominant position incontinental Europe, which appeared in question following the decisivePrussian victory over Austria in 1866.[14]
AfterPrince Leopold of Hohenzollernof theRoman Catholicbranch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen had been offered thevacant Spanish thronein 1870 and had withdrawn his acceptance, theFrench ambassadorapproachedPrussian King Wilhelm Iat his vacationing site in Ems demanding Prussia renounce any future claims, which Wilhelm rejected. The internalEms dispatchreported this to Berlin on July 13; Prussian chancellorOtto von Bismarckquickly then made it public with altered wording. Thus the French newspapers forJuly 14, the French national holidaycontained translations of Bismarck\'s press release, but not a report from their own ambassador. A crowd in the streets of Paris demanded war, and soon French mobilization was ordered.
According to some historians, Prussian chancellorOtto von Bismarckdeliberately provoked the French into declaring war on Prussia in order to induce four independent southern German join theNorth German Confederation. Other historians contend that Bismarck exploited the circumstances as they unfolded. All agree that Bismarck recognized the potential for new German alliances, given the situation as a whole.[15][j]
France mobilised its army on 15 July 1870, leading the North German Confederation to respond with its own mobilisation later that day. On 16 July 1870, theFrench parliamentvoted to declare war on Prussia; France invaded German territory on 2 August. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more effectively than the French and invaded northeastern France on 4 August. German forces were superior in numbers, training, and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railways and artillery.
A series of hard-fought Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in theSiege of Metzand theBattle of Sedan, resulted in the capture of the French EmperorNapoleon IIIand the decisive defeat of the army of theSecond Empire; aGovernment of National Defensewas formed in Paris on 4 September and continued the war for another five months. German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France, thenbesieged Parisfor over four months before it fell on 28 January 1871, effectively ending the war.
In the final days of the war, with German victory all but assured, the German states proclaimed their union as theGerman Empireunder the Prussian kingWilhelm Iand Chancellor Bismarck. With the notable exceptions ofAustriaandGerman Switzerland, the vast majority of German-speakers were united under anation-statefor the first time. Following an armistice with France, theTreaty of Frankfurtwas signed on 10 May 1871, giving Germany billions of francs inwar indemnity, as well as most ofAlsaceand parts ofLorraine, which became the Imperial Territory ofAlsace-Lorraine(Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen).
The war had a lasting impact on Europe. By hasteningGerman unification, the war significantly altered the balance of power on the continent, with the new German state supplanting France as the dominant European land power. Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades, developing a reputation forRealpolitikthat raised Germany\'s global stature and influence.[16]
In France, it brought a final end to imperial rule and began the first lasting republican government. Resentment over the French government\'s handling of the war and its aftermath triggered theParis Commune, a revolutionary uprising which seized and held power for two months before its suppression; the event would influence the politics and policies of theThird Republic.
Astereoscopeis a device for viewing astereoscopic pairof separate images, depicting left-eye and right-eye views of the same scene, as a single three-dimensional image.
A typical stereoscope provides each eye with alensthat makes the image seen through it appear larger and more distant and usually also shifts its apparent horizontal position, so that for a person with normal binoculardepth perceptionthe edges of the two images seemingly fuse into one \"stereo window\". In current practice, the images are prepared so that the scene appears to be beyond this virtual window, through which objects are sometimes allowed to protrude, but this was not always the custom. A divider or other view-limiting feature is usually provided to prevent each eye from being distracted by also seeing the image intended for the other eye.
Most people can, with practice and some effort, view stereoscopic image pairs in 3D without the aid of a stereoscope, but the physiological depth cues resulting from the unnatural combination of eyeconvergenceandfocusrequired will be unlike those experienced when actually viewing the scene in reality, making an accurate simulation of the natural viewing experience impossible and tending to cause eye strain and fatigue.
Although more recent devices such asRealist-format3D slide viewers, theView-Master, orvirtual reality headsetsare also stereoscopes, the word is now most commonly associated with viewers designed for the standard-format stereo cards that enjoyed several waves of popularity from the 1850s to the 1930s as a home entertainment medium.
Devices such aspolarized,anaglyph, andshutterglasses which are used to view two actually superimposed or intermingled images, rather than two physically separate images, are not categorized as stereoscopes.
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Empire Stamp Company
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